Take the RC low-pass filter and pin down its cutoff frequency, the speed where the output amplitude falls to about 70.7% of the input. Predict fc = 1/(2πRC) for a 10 kΩ and 0.1 µF filter (about 160 Hz), then drive it at different speeds and watch the output swing shrink to confirm the trend and the −3 dB idea.

Turn an RC circuit into a low-pass filter on the Pico W: drive it with a square wave from a GPIO, read the output with the ADC, and plot the commanded input beside the measured output. See intuitively why slow changes pass through while fast ones get smoothed away.

Keep the Pico W RC circuit and swap in different resistors and capacitors to see how each changes the charging time. Predict faster or slower with τ = R × C, measure the crossing at 2.09 V, and build a table confirming that more R or more C means a longer charge.

Reuse the Pico W resistor–capacitor circuit to measure the time constant τ = RC: find when the capacitor reaches ~63.2% of the supply, then compare your measured τ against the calculated one.

Build a resistor–capacitor circuit on the Pico W, measure the capacitor's voltage with the ADC, and plot the charging and discharging curves over time.

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